In-text citations are used to cite information used from a resource within the body of the research paper. These references point the reader to the resources in the bibliography or reference page.
Formal citations are used at the end of the paper, creating a bibliography (or reference page) that list all the sources that were used in the research paper.
Turabian citation style 9th edition uses two different types of in-text citation styles - (1) notes-bibliography or (2) author date style. Below is a short explanation on using both notes-bibliography and author-date styles. Be sure to check with your professor on which style to use for in-text citations.
Notes-bibliography
By using notes-bibliography style, a source that is cited in a research paper is indicated by placing a superscript Arabic numeral after the cited information. The superscript number refers to a footnote at the bottom of the page giving the source used for that information. The formal citation of sources used in the research paper are put at the end of the paper in a bibliography. Notes-bibliography style can also use endnotes which are referenced by a superscript in the text but are listed at the end of the paper (often before the bibliography).
Footnotes/endnotes and bibliographies will require the same information in each entry. The main difference between notes and bibliography is the order in which that information is presented/located within the citation and the punctuation used within the citation.
Author-date style
Author-date style uses parenthetical citations within the text of the paper to indicate cited information. The parenthetical citation requires the author, date, and page numbers within a set of parentheses. Formal citations of sources used within the paper are put into a reference page at the very end of the research paper.
Examples of notes-bibliography style can be found on the samples page of Turabian Citation Quick Guide.
Find more information regarding in-text citations with footnotes and the bibliography in chapters 16 and 17 of the Turabian handbook.
More information on in-text citations and reference citations can be found in chapters 18 and 19 of the Turabian handbook.
A direct quote is a quote that is copied directly from the resource. It should be copied word for word and put in quotation marks. Most direct quotes can be put in the general text of the paper; if the quote is more than five lines long, then it needs to be set off separately as a block quote.
When information is taken from a source and summarized (i.e. not copied directly as they are written), it is called paraphrasing. The paraphrased information is not placed within quotation marks but still have the in-text citations, whether footnotes/endnotes or author-date, after the information.